How does fascism happen?

People get frustrated by circumstances they don't necessarily understand. Fascists give them easy targets based on lies that feed the people's prejudice to place their blame, and introduce more and more oppressive social restrictions based on those easy targets while riling up public fears and so on.

That is how lies about immigrant and minority crime have primed the US populace to be ok with the military occupying the nation's capital based on blatant lies about crime rates.

There's an essay titled "Ur-Fascism" by Eco Umberto. It's available online for free, you can Google it. It might give you some good insight on the subject. It's mandatory reading, imo.

From They Thought They Were Free: The Germans 1933 - 1945, in which the author Milton Mayer got to know and interviewed 10 Nazis (the mentioned "friends") about the rise of fascism:

Because the mass movement of Nazism was nonintellectual in the beginning, when it was only practice, it had to be anti- intellectual before it could be theoretical. What Mussolini’s official philosopher, Giovanni Gentile, said of Fascism could have been better said of Nazi theory: “We think with our blood.” Expertness in thinking, exemplified by the professor, by the high- school teacher, and even by the grammar- school teacher in the village, had to deny the Nazi views of history, economics, literature, art, philosophy, politics, biology, and education itself. Thus Nazism, as it proceeded from practice to theory, had to deny expertness in thinking and then (this second process was never completed), in order to fill the vacuum, had to establish expert thinking of its own— that is, to find men of inferior or irresponsible caliber whose views conformed dishonestly or, worse yet, honestly to the Party line. The nonpolitical pastor satisfied Nazi requirements by being nonpolitical. But the nonpolitical schoolmaster was, by the very virtue of being nonpolitical, a dangerous man from the first. He himself would not rebel, nor would he, if he could help it, teach rebellion; but he could not help being dangerous— not if he went on teaching what was true. In order to be a theory and not just a practice, National Socialism required the destruction of academic independence. In the years of its rise the movement little by little brought the community’s attitude toward the teacher around from respect and envy to resentment, from trust and fear to suspicion. The development seems to have been inherent; it needed no planning and had none. As the Nazi emphasis on nonintellectual virtues (patriotism, loyalty, duty, purity, labor, simplicity, “blood,” “folk- ishness”) seeped through Germany, elevating the self- esteem of the “little man,” the academic profession was pushed from the very center to the very periphery of society. Germany was preparing to cut its own head off. By 1933 at least five of my ten friends (and I think six or seven) looked upon “intellectuals” as unreliable and, among these unreliables, upon the academics as the most insidiously situated.

Anti-intellectualism isn't the only ingredient, but it's one of the most important. It's a reactionary movement that injects hate into people's hearts in order to consolidate power for the privileged. Those "little men" who support the regime feel that they were elevated above the people whom they hate, and were often the beneficiaries of the cruel treatment and dispossession of the victims.

Fascist propaganda is highly effective, and no one is immune to propaganda. Humans are emotional creatures, prone to being whipped up into a frenzy. You identify a(n imaginary) threat, and offer a very simple solution to it. The logic of whether or not the solution sounds morally correct doesn't matter because 1.) The problem is made up anyways and 2.) The propagandist is appealing to the id, not the superego.

Remember that thinking is the greatest threat to fascism, exercise your brain as often as possible.

Dude just look outside.

Edit: i used to have big long lectures about the psychology of it, or how it exists as a system. But now you can just look outside.

Not the whole answer, but alcohol and other drugs played a large part in the nazi regime (1).

My guess is that authoritarianism, just like drug use, is a response to depression. When you don't (want to) realise the hurt is coming from within, instead you think the world is out to hurt you, then you want more and more control.

Lack of education : History tells us what happened and how. But, people find it boring. It is true that what it is in the past must stay in the past but it still teaches so you do not make the same mistake again.

Make one main enemy/villain/ the cause of the problem (even if it is not): The most effective trick ever. (think like you are at work, you hate one colleague, you find out that another colleague hate the same colleague. You become friend.)

Make a second enemy/villain/ the cause of the problem (even if it is not): So you diffuse more problems (safe side - figure of speech.)

As one says: Divide and conquer (always works).

BUT ALWAYS a minority as it works better. You need to please the majority.

In general people are tired of ineffective politics: so they try something new and/or it resonates with them, meaning they see that it is maybe true that the problem is the example (s) given by the fascists/nazis/neonazis etc. But, they will not check if it is true as they think the politicians know what they do. Even if, if you think about it. Anyone can be a politician, you need to know how to speak, to present yourself well, to have a vision, to know how to gather people together, to lead. The rest you delegate to more competent people who know their fields.

Once the hook works, you work with the emotions, some facts (fake or not). You slightly change the narrative so it is matching your "vision", "ideology". This is where, usually, you can get them as you can double-check if it is true or not. This is where you see the true journalists at work. And through asking questions.

Example: LGBTQA+ community (quite a """""trend""""" to bash at (sarcasm)). A lot of politicians say that it is destroying the society, family, we need to protect the kids (the ultimate red flag of all) etc. One just need to ask them (politicians), the right questions. In what sense it is destroying the society? Etc, etc etc. So, you can show that what they say, their ideology is just fake, anti-human. etc. But, people do not do it or few. You can apply for each point of their speech.

(Besides, the most homophobic person is a gay in the closet. Grindr never lies!!!!!!)

Then, control, media, press etc. You slightly divide the majority so better control.

So basically, the same pattern that history teaches.

People really like to blame outsiders for things, and are willing to believe they both deserve and have been denied everything and can have it on demand, even against all evidence. History and all the concerns that go into policy are actually uninteresting to most voters. Why fascism seems to bubble up in some periods more than others is the mystery.

It's probably a manifestation of something that made evolutionary sense when we lived in small, sovereign bands. In a lot of ways humanity is way out of it's depth, and we're doing remarkably well considering.

Stalin is a different beast, FYI. Russia had always been an autocracy, he just happened to be well-placed to be in charge of it's next incarnation after the revolution.

The only person that will ever be on your true side is yourself. But you will be manipulated and taught otherwise by people that are scared of existence. In doing so they make you a pawn to calm their own existential anxiety.

Until people understand conquering their existential dread alone and finding peace in riding the wave of chaos of the universe, which is a constant, there will never be the peace that the others have claimed they will bring you.

Well you’re in luck because all you have to do is look around because facism is taking hold as we speak

Bigotry, that's how. People have problems, the economy is struggling. They need a scapegoat. So someone like Hitler or Trump convince them that all their problems are caused by jews or immigrants or LGBT people or some other minority group and that everything will be fixed by getting rid of that group

As I'm sure many have already told you Stalin was not a Fascist. I'm not sure if you're asking about fascists in specific and used a wrong example or about totalitarianism in general and used the wrong word.

For fascism in specific it's usually about a common enemy and economic crisis that can be pinned on that enemy. But there are other stuff as well, there's a great movie called "Die Welle" (The Wave) which is based on an actual scientific experiment called The Third Wave in which a teacher showed how fascism is able to take root.

For totalitarianism in general the answer is a lot more complex, each dictator grew to power their own way, but populism and fear mongering are common practices.

Try reading Blackshirts and Reds by Michael Parenti. Early on, it explains how fascism comes to power, who supports it and what can done to resist it.

Any political extremism is propagated by providing easy answers to complex problems.

I recently finished reading The Cult of Trump by Steven Hassan. It’s from 2019 and so depressing with how much has happened since then that’s not accounted for, but it was interesting insight into how people like that can accumulate a following. It might help answer your question.

1. Mass of people stop learning/being taught how to deal with their emotions (and frustrations).
2. Instead of being in control of their emotions (it's ok to disagree with anyone, to no like them or not be liked by them, that doesn't mean we should want to kill them or fear them to kill us) they let their emotions control them.
3. They elect the one (who has been pushed forward by highly educated people, mind you) that is promising them all they wish for which, more often than not, revolves around giving them more money/power and a free pass to make hell out of the life of some other group(s) of persons they have long been hating on without any mean to meaningfully hurt them.

Education, or the absence of it, is key im_v_ho.

Which is why, this kind of news should worry and trigger urgent and radical answers from any country in which this happens. I'm not US, I'm French but we have the exact same tragedy that's unfolding here too and, beisde an few individual/isolated attempts, we have an almost exact copy of a total absence of nation-wide reaction. Everything is fine...

(How many US citizens have read the Project 2025? It's a book (not a cheap book, sure but the PDF is officially available for free)? I'm willing to bet not that many, as most people can't be bothered to read at all (they believe scrolling some headlines and tweets, and to have feelings and emotions, is more enough to understand and be the expert they are on absolutely any subject—which is another huge weakness that the lack of of working educative system is helping spread in the general population, one that is over-exploited by highly educated people). And they will even less so be willing to read a 900+ pages brick... even if that book may help them better understand who/what they may be about to vote for.)

Education, self-education at the very least, should be a top priority in a working democracy.

If you are up for a big, dense piece of 1950s social philosophy, Hannah Arendt's "Origins of Totalitarianism" is a classic. It covers imperialism, racism, mob violence, antisemitism, propaganda, tolerance for lies, and the development of mythologies. It's got a lot of ideas - many of which have been challenged. It's also excessively wordy. One thing to keep in mind is that most of the components have been around for a long time -- supremacist ideologies, conspiracy theories, propaganda systems.

Read the little book "The Wave" by Morton Rhue. He showed howit starts, with an impressive little example.

Do you know who Dan Harmon is? Creator of Community and Rick And Morty, IMHO a genius. He had a live podcast named Harmontown where he improvised a history lesson and he came up with this

It explains it all in a more convincing way than any historian could, imho. Besides being funny, he has a deep understanding of what makes humans tick and that's the whole point of how fascism happens

It depends on blaming a minority group for problems that people face instead of addressing the problems. It's the natural progression of a system that enables sycophants.

Wealth is finite, the amount of currency in existence is finite. The rich benefit at the expense of the poor, the poor benefit at the expense of the rich.

If a leader is benefitting from worsening the lives of the poor, and doesn't want to change their goals, they need to distract the poor from the problems they need addressed. The most common way is to trick them into thinking an "expendible" minority is the cause, and the only solution is to erase them. This distraction also allows the leaders to further erode the rights of the poor in the process.

Until it all inevitably collapses, because a society where things only get worse for the vast majority are not sustainable

Wealth redistribution kills fascism

Look up Time Ghost's 'The Rise of Hitler' series on YouTube. They've also done a shorter one about Mussolini.

If you're seriously wondering then I'd highly recommend reading Daniel Guerrin's Fascism and Big Business. And Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebook, particularly the section The Problem of Political Leadership in the Formation and Development of the Nation and the Modern State in Italy.

Mismanagement and misplaced grievances.

The former is the cause for 99% of the problems societies face.

Essentially, conmen will con useful idiots, and then the useful idiots will get mad at their peers instead of their rulers because it's easier.

Stupidity is also a major factor, because useful idiots aren't capable of understanding how they're being taken for a ride.

It's simple. Put greedy people in positions of power.

There are two things you’ll want to read to get an idea of how and why fascism happens. The first is the essay Ur-Fascism by Umberto Eco. The second is the free ebook The Authoritarians by Dr Bob Altemeyer.

Between these two, you get a clear, measurable definition of what it means to be fascist and an explanation of the psychologies behind it.

This book has helped me understand:

https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo27509064.html

there are many ways it can happen.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=a5JgD8AhRjs

watch that and you'll have a better idea to the answer you're asking.

Billionaires / Bankers from USA and UK financed Hitler when he was in prison. Pretty much that's how I see it. I'm just waiting now for modern idiots to finance next one.

I think you can read more here.
https://www.sott.net/article/298259-The-Americans-who-funded-Hitler-Nazis-German-economic-miracle-and-World-War-II

We're very near to this moment because the economic situation is similar.

When the governments are so useless and out of touch that they put aside the people and forget that it is because of them that they even exist, someone will come spewing nonsense about restoring order and focusing on the people. That person gets so many votes that it gets elected.

It's basically a democracy problem. This wouldn't happen if we had an eternal emperor.

I’ve always been curious how fascism takes hold, and how people like Hitler, Stalin. etc rise to power

Mate....