What does the launcher do with regard to the operation of the game that cannot be done within the actual game itself? Is it due to a technical limitation or simply there for the convenience of the players? Are there alternatives to such methods of starting the execution of games?
Minecraft is special. The launcher sets up a bunch of Java stuff and other game configurations. And it downloads updates and handles authentication. Technically you don't need it, but it makes it a little easier for the developers and the users. There are also third party launchers with additional functionality like downloading mods.
Other games often pretend they need that stuff when in reality they just want some more tracking that is not in the game itself.
Technically you don’t need it, but it makes it a little easier for the developers and the users.
For that matter, if you poke around in some games' files, you can find the actual game.exe and launch it directly from there, bypassing the launcher. You just bypass the authentication and compatibility checking as well.
I'm honestly surprised you can even connect to an MMO with an out-of-date client. On the few I've played, at least, a version mismatch is an automatic refusal to connect.
I've had Black Desert letting me play a bit with an outdated version (I didn't know there were updates, I hadn't used the launcher for a while) but it gave my account a time out of 10 days after my play session.
I was also surprised it didn't just go “Nope, update first!” immediately, I kind of expected that would be the case if I didn't use the launcher.
Obviously not every game. Multiplay games won't work with it. And yes anything that inherently depends on the launcher. The vast majority of games it does work though.
It feels like a lot of people forget or don't realize that pc games are just files in a folder. Epic and Steam basically present you with shortcut icons to those exe files.