Fascist Italy’s economy was directly influenced by Morgan Bank
Fascist Italy’s economy was directly influenced by Morgan Bank
Quoting Professor Gian Giacomo Migone’s The United States and Fascist Italy, pgs. 90, 94, and 121:
In studying the abundant and detailed documentation available on the issue of war debt, the lasting impression is that the biggest merit of Mussolini and his staff was to surround themselves with the best counsel and heed their advice.
Among all the possible interlocutors in the banking world, the Fascist government privileged J.P. Morgan & Co. becoming one of their principal clients. As agent for its affairs, Italy had hired Kidder, Peabody & Co.; and Charles Miller, of the First National Bank of New York, also had excellent contacts in the Italian business world. Still, the House of Morgan was correctly judged to be best suited for guiding a foreign government such as that of [Fascist] Italy through the long and complex path leading to economic success, starting with the key first step of reaching an accord on war debt.
[…]
The services provided by the House of Morgan to the [Fascist] government, in sum, were not those usually offered even by the largest banks to important clients. The […] associates of the Morgan Bank became, even more than the bankers of the Fascist government, its financial and political counsel — those who could guide it through the thickets of the American power structure, avoiding congressional and isolationist pitfalls, to the point that their influence reached even into the Coolidge administration.
Without a doubt, the partners of the House of Morgan were leaving nothing to chance. According to the testimony of Giovanni Fummi, the outline of what later became the final settlement of war debt was created during a meeting he had with Morgan and Lamont, in the private train compartment of the bank’s president.⁸⁷
Quoting Martin Horn’s ‘J. P. Morgan & Co., the House of Morgan and Europe 1933–1939’:
Lamont’s 1937 trip had taken him to [Fascist] Italy prior to his visit to London. Since 1925, when J. P. Morgan & Co. had floated a $100 million loan for [Fascist] Italy, the House of Morgan had business interests with not only the Fascist régime but also leading Italian companies. Through Fummi, the Morgan firms did business with corporations such as FIAT, opened credits for leading [Fascist] banks and handled much of the foreign banking of the Vatican.
As was typical of the Morgan approach, emphasis was placed on the personal dimension. Fummi fostered a rapport with Bernadino Nogara, who oversaw the Vatican’s finances, while simultaneously cultivating successive governors of the Bank of Italy. Both Jack Morgan and Lamont were introduced to Mussolini, with Lamont visiting him regularly. Admiration for Mussolini was part and parcel of the attraction for the Morgan partners of [Fascist] Italy. They perceived the Duce as an upholder of order and stability, and a committed foe of communism in Europe.
Until 1934–5, the Morgan partners were not alarmed by [Fascist] foreign policy — Lamont’s meetings with Dino Grandi, the Italian ambassador in London, in the summers of 1933 and 1934 were convivial affairs, when he expressed his appreciation for the Italian contribution to European stability, particularly vis-à-vis [the Third Reich] and its designs on Austria.³⁸ The events of 1935–6, culminating in the [Fascist] invasion of Ethiopia, marked a turning point.
(Emphasis added in all cases.)
So much for fascism’s opposition to ‘international finance’…